Using the Lean Tissue Index (LTI) as a Predictor Variable for Bone Mineral Density of Elite, Adolescent, Female Cross-Country Runners

Authors

  • Marc P Bonis University of New Orleans
  • Mark Loftin Interim Department Chair of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management Professor of Exercise Science Associate Dean of the School of Applied Sciences George Street University House University of Mississippi Oxford, Mississippi University, MS 38677-1848
  • Melinda S Sothern Director of Behavioral Health Professor of Research/Clinical Exercise Physiologist Professor Behavioral and Community Health Sciences Department School of Public Health Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center 2020 Gravier Street 3rd Floor New Orleans, LA 70112

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.12922/jshp.v5i1.106

Keywords:

Body Composition, Body Mass Index, Bone Growth, Amenorrhea

Abstract

Purpose: Determine the best body-composition variable for predicting bone mineral density (BMD) in the sub-population, which included body weight (WGT), lean tissue (LT), body mass index (BMI), body fat (BF), lean tissue index (LTI = LT/Height²), and body fat index (BFI = BF/Height²).

 

Methods: Measured BMD using DXA and estimated skeletal maturity (SM) using questionnaire data of subjects: 28 female runners (Mean Age + SD = 14.9 + 1.6 yrs).

 

Results: Partial correlations indicated LTI was the variable most highly associated (r = .712) with BMD. Multiple linear regression indicated LTI was the predictor variable with the best fit. Predictions of the dependent criterion variables, BMDleg and BMD, were calculated using the independent predictor variables, LTI and SM. Significant regression equations were found.  The subjects’ BMDleg  was found to be equal to (-2.486) + (2.912)SM + (5.540E-02)LTI,  [F(2,23) = 20.161, SEE = .0634] with an R² = .637;  and the subjects’ BMD was found to be equal to (-1.645) + (2.209)SM + (4.068E-02)LTI,  [F(2,23) = 18.828, SEE = .0487] with an R² = .621.

 

Conclusion: LTI was the body composition variable most highly associated with BMD (r = .712). LTI was also the best body-composition component to predict BMD (r = .788). Additional research regarding the LTI is recommended.

Author Biography

  • Marc P Bonis, University of New Orleans
    Educational Leadership, Foundations, and Counseling Department Human Performance and Health Performance Program Assistant Professor

References

American College of Sports Medicine position stand on the female athlete triad, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,1997; 29, i-ix.

Nattiv A, Loucks AB, Manore MM, Sanborn CF, et al. The female athlete triad. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 2007; 39 (10), 1867-1882.

Gabel KA. Special nutrition concerns for the female athlete. Current Sports Medical Reports, 2006; 5 (4), 187-191.

Wolinsky I. Nutrition in Exercise and Sport. CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1994; 508.

Loucks AB. Athletic amenorrhea: a review. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 1985; 17, 56-72.

Thein-Nissenbaum JM, Rauh MJ, Carr KE, Loud KJ, et al. Associations between disordered eating, menstrual dysfunction, and musculoskeletal injury among high school athletes. Journal of Orthopedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 2011; 41 (2), 60-69.

Thein-Nissenbaum JM, Carr KE. Female athlete triad syndrome in the high school athlete. Physical Therapy in Sports, 2011; 12 (3), 108-116.

Conroy BP, and Earle RW. Bone, muscle and connective tissue adaptations to

physical activity. Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning. Human Kinetics, Champaign, 51- 66, 1994.

Henderson S, Graham H, Mollan R, Riddoch C, et al. Calcium homeostasis and exercise. Journal of International Orthopedics, 1989; 13, 69-73.

Madsen K, Adams W, and Van Loan M. Effects of physical activity, body weight and composition, and muscular strength on bone density in young women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 1998; 30 (1), 114-120.

Drinkwater BL. Bone mineral content of amenorrheic and eumenorrheic

athletes. New England Journal of Medicine, 1984; 311, 277-281.

Dhuper S, Warren M, Brooks-Gunn J, and Fox R. Effects of hormonal status on bone density in adolescent girls. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 1990; 71 (5), 1083-1088.

Pocock N, Eisman J, Hopper J, Yeates M, et al. Genetic determinants of bone mass in adults: a twin study. Journal of Clinical Investigations, 1987; 80, 706-710.

Lohman TG, Ring K, Schmitz KH, Treuth MS, et al. Associations of body size and composition with physical activity in adolescent girls. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 2006; 38 (6), 1175-1181.

Gutin B, and Kasper M. Can vigorous exercise play a role in osteoporosis prevention. Osteoporosis International, 1992; 2, 55-69.

Bayer M, and Bayley N. Growth Diagnosis. Selected Methods for Interpreting and Predicting Physical Development from One Year to Maturity. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1976; 217-225.

Lanyon L, Goodship A, Pye C, and MacFie J. Mechanically adaptive bone remodeling. Journal of Biomechanics, 1982; 15, 141-154.

Felson D, Zhang Y, Hannan M, and Anderson J. Effects of weight and body mass index on bone mineral density in men and women: The Framingham Study. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 1993; 8 (5), 567-573.

Reid I, Plank L, and Evans M. Fat mass is an important determinant of whole body bone mineral density in premenopausal women but not in men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 1992; 75, 779-782.

Wolman R, Faulmann L, Clark P, Hesp R, and Harries M. Different training patterns and bone mineral density of the femoral shaft in elite, female athletes. Annual of Rheumatoid Disorders, 1991; 50, 487- 489.

Nichols JF, Rauh MJ, Lawson MJ, Ji M. et al. Prevalence of the female athlete triad syndrome among high school athletes. Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine, 2006; 160 (2), 137-142.

Nattiv A. The female athlete triad: managing an acute risk to long term health. The Physician and Sportmedicine, 1994; 22, (1).

Loucks AB and Verdun M. Slow restoration of LH pulsatility by refeeding in

energetically disrupted women. American Journal of Physiology, 1998; 44, R1218-1226.

Williams NI, Young JC, McArthur JW, Bullen B, et al. Strenuous exercise with caloric restriction: effect on leutinizing hormone secretion. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 1995; 27 (10), 1390-1398.

Zanker CL, and Swaine IL. Relation between bone turnover, osteodiol, and energy balance in women distance runners. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 1998; 32, 167-171.

Loucks AB, Verdun M, and Heath EM. Low energy availability, not stress of exercise, alters LH pulsatility in exercising women. Journal of Applied Physiology, 1998; 84 (1), 37-46.

Waldrop J. Early identification and interventions for female athlete triad. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 2005; 19 (4), 213-220.

Downloads

Published

2017-07-07

Issue

Vol. 5 No. 1 (2017): Journal of Sport and Human Performance

Section

Original Research Articles

License

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

    1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
    2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
    3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).