Review of the Rational and Mathematical Basis of the SCENARIO Thermal Model
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12922/jshp.v10i1.176Keywords:
physiology, biophysics, thermoregulation, clothing, modeling, extreme environmentAbstract
Mathematical models of human thermal responses can be used to provide useful information to prevent heat injuries, plan risk mitigation strategies, and evaluate potential responses to stressors. This paper reviews the mathematical principles used to operate the SCENARIO thermal model. SCENARIO is a rational first principles model that consists of seven compartments made up of five concentric cylinders that represent human core, muscle, fat, and vascular and avascular skin, a central blood compartment, and a clothing layer. Modeled interaction of heat exchange through these compartments allows for the prediction of thermal state over time. The model uses inputs of individuals characteristics and health status along within environmental conditions, clothing properties, and activity to generate physiological predictions (metabolism, heart rate, cardiac output, stroke volume, skin and core body temperature) over a given time course. This paper reviews the inputs, outputs, mathematical principles and general history of the SCENARIO model.
References
Blagden C. XII. Experiments and observations in an heated room. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 1775(65):111-23.
baron Fourier JBJ. Théorie analytique de la chaleur: F. Didot; 1822.
Lefevre J. Chaleur animale et bioénergétique: Masson et cie; 1911.
Burton AC. The application of the theory of heat flow to the study of energy metabolism: Five figures. The Journal of Nutrition. 1934;7(5):497-533.
Pennes HH. Analysis of tissue and arterial blood temperatures in the resting human forearm. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1948;1(2):93-122.
Goldman RF. Introduction to heat-related problems in military operations. Medical Aspects of Harsh Environments. 2001;1:3-49.
Adolph EF. Physiology of Man in the Desert. Physiology of Man in the Desert. 1947.
Bean WB, Eichna LW, editors. Performance in relation to environmental temperature. Reactions of normal young men to simulated desert environment. Federation Proceedings Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology; 1943: Baltimore.
Eichna LW, Ashe W, Bean W, Shelley W. The Upper Limits of Environmental Heat and Humidity Tolerated by Acclimatized Men Working in Hot Environments. Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. 1945;27(3):59-84.
Nelson N, Eichna LW, Horvath SM, Shelley WB, Hatch T. Thermal exchanges of man at high temperatures. American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content. 1947;151(2):626-52.
Nelson NA, Shelley WB, Horvath SM, Eichna LW, Hatch TF. The influence of clothing, work, and air movement on the thermal exchanges of acclimatized men in various hot environments. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1948;27(2):209-16.
Francesconi R, Byrom R, Mager M. United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine: First Quarter Century. The Physiologist. 1986;29:58-62.
Pandolf KB, Francesconi R, Sawka MN, Cymerman A, Hoyt RW, Young AJ, et al. United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine: Warfighter research focusing on the past 25 years. Advances in Physiology Education. 2011;35(4):353-60.
Goldman RF. Tolerance time for work in the heat when wearing CBR protective clothing. Military Medicine. 1963;128:776-86.
Goldman RF, Joy RJT. Prevention of heat casualties in men wearing chemical biological protective clothing. Natick, MA; 1967 7/1967 July. Report No.: EPT-1.
Givoni B, Sohar E. Rectal temperature in the prediction of permissible work rates in hot environments. International Journal of Biometeorology. 1968;12(1):41-50.
Breckenridge JR, Levell CA. Heat stress in the cockpit of the AH-IG Hueycobra Helicopter. Aerospace Medicine. 1970;41(6):621-6.
Breckenridge JR, Goldman RF. Solar heat load in man. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1971;31:659-63.
Goldman RF. Prediction of human heat tolerance. In: Folinsbee LJ, Wagner JA, Borgia JF, Drinkwater BL, Gliner JA, Bedi JF, editors. Environmental Stress. New York: Academic Press; 1978. p. 53-69.
Berglund LG, Levine L, Cadarette BS, Kolka MA. Human responses to intermittent work while wearing encapsulating chemical-biological protective clothing with personal HVAC. ASHRAE Transactions. 2005.
Berglund LG, Yokota M, Potter AW. Thermo-physiological responses of sailors in a disabled submarine with interior cabin temperature and humidity slowly rising as predicted by computer simulation techniques. U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760 USA, Technical Report, T13-6; 2013.
Gonzalez R, McLellan T, Withey W, Chang SK, Pandolf K. Heat strain models applicable for protective clothing systems: comparison of core temperature response. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1997;83(3):1017-32.
Gonzalez RR, editor Predictive modeling: its use in forecasting human responses to the environment. Canberra, Australia2000.
Gonzalez RR, McLellan TM, Tenaglia SA. Heat strain in women: comparison of model and experimental results with NBC protective clothing systems.; 1997 TTCP-HUM-TP-6/SGU/97/KCA6.
Gonzalez RR, McLellan TM, Withey WR. Physiological evaluation of two heat strain models effective in protective clothing systems. Natick, MA; 1995 1995 May. Report No.: T95-14.
Potter AW, Blanchard LA, Friedl KE, Cadarette BS, Hoyt RW. Mathematical prediction of core body temperature from environment, activity, and clothing: The heat strain decision aid (HSDA). Journal of Thermal Biology. 2017;64:78-85.
Potter AW, Looney DP, Santee WR, Gonzalez JA, Welles AP, Srinivasan S, et al. Validation of new method for predicting human skin temperatures during cold exposure: The Cold Weather Ensemble Decision Aid (CoWEDA). Informatics in Medicine Unlocked. 2020:100301.
Yokota M, Berglund LG, Santee WR, Buller MJ, Hoyt RW. Modeling physiological responses to military scenarios: initial core temperature and downhill work. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 2005; 76(5), 475-480.
Yokota M, Berglund LG. Initial capability decision aid (ICDA) thermal prediction model and its validation. U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760 USA, Technical Report, T06-03; 2006.
Yokota M, Berglund LG, Cheuvront SN, Santee WR, Latzka WA, Montain SJ, et al. Thermoregulatory model to predict physiological status from ambient environment and heart rate. Computers in Biology and Medicine. 2008;38:1187-93.
Kraning KK. A computer simulation for predicting the time course of thermal and cardiovascular responses to various combinations of heat stress, clothing and exercise. U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760 USA, Technical Report, T13-91; 1991.
Kraning KK, Gonzalez RR. Scenario: A military/industrial heat strain model modified to account for effects of aerobic fitness and progressive dehydration. U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760 USA, Technical Note, TN97-1; 1997.
Kraning KK, Gonzalez RR. A mechanistic computer simulation of human work in heat that accounts for physical and physiological effects of clothing, aerobic fitness, and progressive dehydration. Journal of Thermal Biology. 1997;22:331-42.
Gonzalez RR. SCENARIO revisited: comparisons of operational and rational models in predicting human responses to the environment. Journal of Thermal Biology. 2004;29(7-8):515-27.
Atkins A, Wyndham C. A study of temperature regulation in the human body with the aid of an analogue computer. Pflügers Archiv. 1969;307(2):104-19.
Wyndham C, Atkins A. A physiological scheme and mathematical model of temperature regulation in man. Pflügers Archiv. 1968;303(1):14-30.
Gordon RG, Roemer RB, Horvath SM. A mathematical model of the human temperature regulatory system-- transient cold exposure response. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 1976;23(6):434-44.
Stolwijk J, Hardy J. Temperature regulation in man—a theoretical study. Pflüger's Archiv für die gesamte Physiologie des Menschen und der Tiere. 1966;291(2):129-62.
Stolwijk JA. A mathematical model of physiological temperature regulation in man. No. NASA-CR-1855. NASA, 1971.
Stolwijk JA. Mathematical models of thermal regulation. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1980;335(1):98-106.
Montgomery LD. A model of heat transfer in immersed man. Annals of Biomedical Engineering. 1974;2(1):19-46.
Montgomery LD, Williams BA. Effect of ambient temperature on the thermal profile of the human forearm, hand, and fingers. Annals of Biomedical Engineering. 1976;4(3):209-19.
Werner J. Thermoregulatory models. Recent research, current applications and future development. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health. 1989;15 Suppl 1:34-46.
Werner J, Buse M, Foegen A. Lumped versus distributed thermoregulatory control: results from a three-dimensional dynamic model. Biological cybernetics. 1989;62(1):63-73.
Werner J, Webb P. A six-cylinder model of for general use on human thermoregulation personal computers. The Annals of Physiological Anthropology. 1993;12(3):123-34.
Xu X, Werner J. A dynamic model of the human/clothing/environment-system. Applied Human Science. 1997;16(2):61-75.
Gagge A, Stolwijk J, Nishi Y. An effective temperature scale based on a simple model of human physiological regulatory response. Memoirs of the Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University. 1972;13(Suppl):21-36.
Gagge AP, Stolwijk J, Hardy J. Comfort and thermal sensations and associated physiological responses at various ambient temperatures. Environmental Research. 1967;1(1):1-20.
Gagge AP, Stolwijk JAJ, Nishi Y. An effective temperature scale based on a simple model of human physiological regulatory response. ASHRAE Transactions. 1971;77(1):247-62.
Wissler E. Comparison of computed results obtained from two mathematical models: a simple 14-node model and a complex 250-node model. Journal de Physiologie. 1971;63(3):455.
Wissler EH. A mathematical model of the human thermal system. The Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics. 1964;26(2):147-66.
Woodcock AH. Moisture permeability index - a new index for describing evaporative heat transfer through fabric systems. 1961. Report No.: EP-149.
Woodcock AH. Moisture transfer in textile systems, Part I. Textile Research Journal. 1962;32:628-33.
Woodcock AH. Moisture transfer in textile systems, Part II. Textile Research Journal. 1962;32:719-23.
Woodcock AH, Breckenridge JR. A model description of thermal exchange for the nude man in hot environments. Ergonomics. 1965;8:223-35.
Woodcock AH, Breckenridge JR. A new method for completely describing man's thermal environment. In: Wexler A, editor. Humidity & Moisture: Measurement & Control in Science and Industry. New York, NY: Reinhold Publishing Corporation; 1965. p. 17-23.
Breckenridge JR. Effect of wet insulation in vapor barrier cold-weather boots. Textile Research Journal. 1967;37(9):809-11.
Breckenridge JR, Goldman RF. Human solar heat load. ASHRAE Transactions. 1972;78:110-9.
Breckenridge JR, Pratt RL. Effect of clothing color on solar heat load. Quartermaster Research and Engineering Command Center, Natick, MA. 1961.
Goldman RF, editor Biophysical factors in the design and uses of clothing - today and tomorrow. New York, NY1971.
Goldman RF. Clothing, its physiological effects, adequacy in extreme thermal environments and possibility of future improvements. Archives Des Science Physiologiques. 1973;27:137-47.
Goldman RF. Clothing design for comfort and work performance in extreme thermal environments. Transactions New York Academy of Sciences. 1974;36:531-44.
Goldman RF, editor Environment, clothing and personal equipment, and military operations. West Point, NY: U.S. Military Academy; 1974.
Goldman RF. The role of clothing in modifying the human thermal comfort range. Inserm. 1977;75:163-76.
Goldman RF, Breckenridge JR, Reeves E, Beckman EL. "Wet" versus "Dry" suit approaches to water immersion protective clothing. Aerospace Medicine. 1966;37:485-7.
Goldman RF, Green EB, Iampietro PF. Tolerance of hot, wet environments by resting men. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1965;20:271-7.
Tan AP, Cheong CH, Lee T, Seng KY, Teo CJ. Computer modelling of heat strain responses of exercising personnel in tropical climate. Computers in Biology and Medicine. 2021:104530.
Du Bois D, Du Bois EF. Clinical calorimetry: tenth paper a formula to estimate the approximate surface area if height and weight be known. Archives of Internal Medicine 1916;XVII(6_2):863-71.
Looney DP, Sanford DP, Li P, Santee WR, Doughty EM, Potter AW. Formulae for calculating body surface area in modern US Army Soldiers. Journal of Thermal Biology. 2020;92:102650.
Buono M, Sjoholm N. Effect of physical training on peripheral sweat production. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1988;65(2):811-4.
Nadel ER, Bullard RW, Stolwijk J. Importance of skin temperature in the regulation of sweating. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1971;31(1):80-7.
Montain SJ, Latzka WA, Sawka MN. Control of thermoregulatory sweating is altered by hydration level and exercise intensity. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1995;79(5):1434-9.
Furlong J, Gonzalez R. Enhancement and integration of thermal strain modeling tools to support objective force warrior: SCENARIO-J v1. 0 and SCENARIO-MC v 6.0 DAMD17-98-d0022. Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC), McLean, VA. 2003.
Doherty T. Fileread: Software Module for Reading Scenario Model Inputs and Observed Data from Text Files. U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760 USA, Technical Report; 2000.
Doherty TJ, Coyne MD, Kesick CM, Stephenson LA. CIRCAD: Automated analysis of circadian core temperature data. U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760 USA, Technical Report, TN00-2; 2000.
Matthew WT, Santee WR, Berglund LG. Solar load inputs for USARIEM thermal strain models and the solar radiation-sensitive components of the WBGT Index. U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760 USA, Technical Report, T01-13; 2001.
Matthew WT, Berglund LG, Santee WR, Gonzalez RR. USARIEM Heat Strain Model: New Algorithms Incorporating Effect of High Terrestrial Altitude. U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760 USA, Technical Report, T03-9; 2003.
Berglund LG, Yokota M. Comparison of human responses to prototype and standard uniforms using three different human simulation models: HSDA, Scenario_J and Simulink2NM. U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760 USA, Technical Report, T05-08; 2005.
Yokota M, Berglund B, Santee WR, Buller MJ, Hoyt RW. Predicting individual physiological responses during marksmanship field training using an updated SCENARIO-J model. U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760 USA, Technical Report, T04-09; 2004.
Yokota M, Matthew WT, Berglund LG, Buller MJ, Hoyt RW. Characterization of uncertainties in a thermal strain prediction model for military applications. U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760 USA, Technical Report, T04-03; 2003.
Welles AP, Tharion WJ, Potter AW, Buller MJ. Novel Method of Estimating Metabolic Rates of Soldiers Engaged in Chemical Biological Defense Training. US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, 01760, USA, Technical Report; 2016.
Welles AP, Xu X, Santee WR, Looney DP, Buller MJ, Potter AW, et al. Estimation of core body temperature from skin temperature, heat flux, and heart rate using a Kalman filter. Computers in Biology and Medicine. 2018;99:1-6.
Gonzalez R, Halford C, Keach E. Environmental and physiological simulation of heat stroke: A case study analysis and validation. Journal of Thermal Biology. 2010;35(8):441-9.
Yokota M, Berglund LG, Bathalon GP. Monte Carlo simulations of individual variability and their effects on simulated heat stress using thermoregulatory modeling. Journal of Thermal Biology. 2010;35(3):154-9.
Berglund LG, Yokota M, Santee WR, Endrusick TL, Potter AW, Goldman SJ, et al. Predicted thermal responses of military working dog (MWD) to chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear (CBRN) protective kennel enclosure. U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760 USA, Technical Report, T11-03; 2011.
Potter AW, Berglund LG, O'Brien C. A canine thermal model for simulating temperature responses of military working dogs. Journal of Thermal Biology. 2020;91:102651.
O’Brien C, Tharion WJ, Karis AJ, Sullivan HM. Predicting military working dog core temperature during exertional heat strain: Validation of a Canine Thermal Model. Journal of Thermal Biology. 2020.
O’Brien C, Berglund LG. Predicting recovery from exertional heat strain in military working dogs. Journal of Thermal Biology. 2018;76:45-51.
Looney DP, Santee WR, Blanchard LA, Karis AJ, Carter AJ, Potter AW. Cardiorespiratory responses to heavy military load carriage over complex terrain. Applied Ergonomics. 2018;73:194-8.
Looney DP, Buller MJ, Gribok AV, Leger JL, Potter AW, Rumpler WV, et al. Estimating resting core temperature using heart rate. Journal for the Measurement of Physical Behaviour. 2018;1(2):79-86.
Looney DP, Santee WR, Hansen EO, Bonventre PJ, Chalmers CR, Potter AW. Estimating Energy Expenditure during Level, Uphill, and Downhill Walking. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2019;51(9):1954-60.
Looney DP, Santee WR, Karis AJ, Blanchard LA, Rome MN, Carter AJ, et al. Metabolic costs of military load carriage over complex terrain. Military Medicine. 2018;183(9-10):e357-e62.
Potter AW, Santee WR, Mullen SP, Karis AJ, Blanchard LA, Rome MN, et al. Complex Terrain Load Carriage Energy Expenditure Estimation Using GPS Devices. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2018; 50(10):2145-9.
Richmond PW, Potter AW, Looney DP, Santee WR. Terrain coefficients for predicting energy costs of walking over snow. Applied Ergonomics. 2019;74:48-54.
Richmond PW, Potter AW, Santee WR. Terrain factors for predicting walking and load carriage energy costs: review and refinement. Journal of Sport and Human Performance. 2015;3(3):1-26.
Larose J, Boulay P, Sigal RJ, Wright HE, Kenny GP. Age-related decrements in heat dissipation during physical activity occur as early as the age of 40. PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e83148.
Larose J, Boulay P, Wright-Beatty HE, Sigal RJ, Hardcastle S, Kenny GP. Age-related differences in heat loss capacity occur under both dry and humid heat stress conditions. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2014;117(1):69-79.
Kenny GP, Jay O. Sex differences in postexercise esophageal and muscle tissue temperature response. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 2007;292(4):R1632-R40.
Gagnon D, Jay O, Lemire B, Kenny GP. Sex-related differences in evaporative heat loss: the importance of metabolic heat production. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2008;104(5):821-9.
Notley SR, Poirier MP, Hardcastle SG, Flouris AD, Boulay P, Sigal RJ, et al. Aging impairs whole-body heat loss in women under both dry and humid heat stress. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2017;49(11):2324-32.
Notley SR, Meade RD, DʼSouza AW, Friesen BJ, Kenny GP. Heat loss is impaired in older men on the day following prolonged work in the heat. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2018; 50(9):1859-1867.
Xu X, Santee WR. Sweat loss prediction using a multi-model approach. International Journal of Biometeorology. 2011;55(4):501-8.
Potter AW, Hunt AP, Cadarette BS, Fogarty A, Srinivasan S, Santee WR, et al. Heat Strain Decision Aid (HSDA) accurately predicts individual-based core body temperature rise while wearing chemical protective clothing. Computers in Biology and Medicine. 2019;107:131-6.
Waldock K, Lee B, Powell S, Wardle S, Looney D, Greeves J, et al. Field validation of the Heat Strain Decision Aid during military load carriage. Computers in Biology and Medicine. 2021;134:104506.
Tharion WJ, Yokota M, Karis AJ, Potter AW. Accuracy of the Heat Strain Decision Aid (HSDA) during Ranger Training Brigade's road march exercise. US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, 01760, USA, Technical Report, T21-06.; 2021.
Givoni B, Goldman RF. Predicting rectal temperature response to work, environment and clothing. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1972;32(6):812-22.
Potter AW, Gonzalez JA, Karis AJ, Rioux TP, Blanchard LA, Xu X. Impact of estimating thermal manikin derived wind velocity coefficients on physiological modeling. US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, 01760, USA, Technical Report, T14-7; 2014.
Potter AW. Method for estimating evaporative potential (im/clo) from ASTM standard single wind velocity measures. US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, 01760, USA, Technical Report, T16-14; 2016.
Malchaire J, Piette A, Kampmann B, Mehnert P, Gebhardt H, Havenith G, et al. Development and validation of the predicted heat strain model. Annals of Occupational Hygiene. 2001;45(2):123-35.
Fiala D, Lomas KJ, Stohrer M. Computer prediction of human thermoregulatory and temperature responses to a wide range of environmental conditions. International Journal of Biometeorology. 2001;45(3):143-59.
Havenith G. Individualized model of human thermoregulation for the simulation of heat stress response. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2001;90(5):1943-54.
Raimundo A, Quintela D, Gaspar A, Oliveira A, editors. Development and validation of a computer program for simulation of the human body thermophysiological response. 2012 IEEE 2nd Portuguese Meeting in Bioengineering (ENBENG); 2012: IEEE.
Wan X, Fan J. A transient thermal model of the human body–clothing–environment system. Journal of Thermal Biology. 2008;33(2):87-97.
Kuznetz LH. A two-dimensional transient mathematical model of human thermoregulation. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 1979;237(5):R266-R77.
Castellani MP, Rioux TP, Castellani JW, Potter AW, Xu X. A Geometrically Accurate 3 Dimensional Model of Human Thermoregulation For Transient Cold and Hot Environments. Computers in Biology and Medicine. 2021:104892.
Unnikrishnan G, Hatwar R, Hornby S, Laxminarayan S, Gulati T, Belval LN, et al. A 3-D virtual human thermoregulatory model to predict whole-body and organ-specific heat-stress responses. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2021:1-20.
Yermakova I. Mathematical modeling of thermal processes in man for development of protective clothing. 한국생활환경학회지. 2001;8(2):127-33.
Potter AW, Hunt AP, Pryor JL, Pryor RR, Stewart IB, Gonzalez JA, et al. Practical method for determining safe work while wearing explosive ordnance disposal suits. Safety Science. 2021;141:105328.
Santee WR, Berglund LG, Cardello AV, Winterhalter CA, Looney DP, Gonzalez JA, et al. Physiological assessment of Soldiers wearing military uniforms of different fabrics during intermittent exercise. Journal of Sport and Human Performance. 2020;8(1).
Potter AW, Gonzalez JA, Karis AJ, Blanchard LA, Rioux TP, Santee WR. Biophysical Characteristics of Chemical Protective Ensemble With and Without Body Armor. US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, 01760, USA, Technical Report, T15-8; 2015.
Friedl KE, Buller MJ, Tharion WJ, Potter AW, Manglapus GL, Hoyt RW. Real time physiological status monitoring (RT-PSM): accomplishments, requirements, and research roadmap. US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, 01760, USA, Technical Note, TN16-02; 2016.
Friedl KE. Predicting human limits-the special relationship between physiology research and the Army mission. Military Quantitative Physiology: Problems and Concepts in Military Operational Medicine: Problems and Concepts in Military Operational Medicine. 2012:1-38.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
